doc. dr. hilal alTunTaSi

samarTlianoba

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საერთაშორისო საქველმოქმედო ფონდი muslim-georgia

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დოქ. ფატიჰ ქურთი

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ნაწარმოების განმხილველი კომისიის გადაწყვეტილება: 05.02.2020/33

ISBN: 978-605-7751-81-2
2020-06-Y-0003-1766
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1. გამოცემა, ანკარა 2020

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„gadawyvita SvilisTvis rame eCuqebina. mas surda patara numans gaeRima da dedac bednieri hyoloda, Tumca moulodnelad dedis gulSi orWofobis naperwkali gaCnda. es sahabe qalbatoni amra binTi revaha iyo. is fiqrobda, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxi SuamavalTan unda SeeTanxmebina. es iseTi saCuqari iyo, romelsac bavSvis momavalze da amasTanave ZmebTan urTierTbaze gavlenis moxdena SeeZlo. saukeTeso gamosavali iqneboda, Tu am saCuqris gadacemas Tavad Suamavalic daeswreboda. man daadasturoso, fiqrobda. mas surda, rom Suamavali gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi daxmareboda.

bavSvis mamam, beSirma numans xeli Cakida da SuamavalTan waiyvana. Cems vaJs saCuqari unda gavukeTo da Cems meuRles, amra binT revahas surs, rom am ambavs Sen eswrebodeo, uTxra Suamavals. sxva Svilebi Tu gyavso, hkiTxa Suamavalma, razec beSirma upasuxa, rom hyavda. yvelas erTnairad aCuqe? -hkiTxa Suamavalma isev. arao, upasuxa beSirma. albaT iseTi mdidari arc iyo, rom yvelasTvis Tanabrad eCuqebina.

Suamavals es ar moewona. misi pasuxi mokle da mkacri iyo: „mowmed nu damiyeneb, radgan me usamarTlobis mowme ar viqnebi“. Suamavals surda beSiri mimxvdariyo, Tu ra SeiZleboda gamoewvia arasamarTlian mopyrobas. Sen xom gsurs yvela Svili kargad geqceodes, hkiTxa man beSirs. „ra Tqma unda ase msurs, Suamavalo“- upasuxa beSirma. wlebis Semdeg Suamavlis pasuxs isev numani ixsenebs: „maSin geSinodes allahis da baSvebs samarTlianad moeqeci“.

adamianis uflebebi da samarTlianoba, es is ori terminia, romelTa Sesaxeb kacobriobis istoriis manZilze, yvelaze meti msjeloba mimdinareobda da aseve bevri iwereboda. dResac am sakiTxs, warsulTan SedarebiT, ufro meti yuradReba eqceva da ufro meti msjelobis sagania. yvelas pirze akeria uflebebi da samarTlianoba. zogadad iseTi sakiTxebi, romlebic problemas aRar warmoadgenen aqtualurobas kargavs. Sesabamisad, adamianis uflebebi da samarTlianoba rom daculi iyos amdeni msjeloba ar daWirdeboda. radganac es sakiTxi mudmivad wina planzea, gamodis, rom Cven vcxovrobT periodSi, rodesac adamianis uflebebi da samarTlianoba umeteswilad ugulebelyofilia.

arsebobs erTi WeSmariteba, romelic aRniSnul sakiTxs ufro problemurs xdis: ZiriTadi problema ara usamarTlobis arseboba, aramed am sakiTxis mimarT samarTlianobis momspobTa mxridan mudmivi apelirebaa. rogorc Cans, sanam kacobrioba iarsebebs, samarTlianobis problema mudmivad iqneba da mis Sesaxeb mudmivad isaubreben.

ra aris WeSmariteba da ufleba?

ufleba es aris WeSmariteba, romlis uaryofa SeuZlebelia. WeSmariteba sruli simarTlea, absoluturad swori codna. garda amisa, WeSmariteba kavSirSia iseT terminebTan, rogoricaa: Sesabamisoba, pasuximgebloba, mizandasaxuloba, simtkice da sxva.

WeSmaritebis antonimi ki aris mcdari, romelic araswors, aramarTebuls, tyuils, usafuZvlos niSnavs. RvTiuri gzavnili WeSmaritebaa, romelic islamis saxiTaa warmodgenili, xolo yvelaferi, rac mis winaaRmdegaa, aris mcdari. amasve adasturebs isras suras 81- aiaTi:

„movida WeSmariteba , moiSTo sicrue . ueWvelad, sicrue ganwirulia mosaSTobad .“

aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom am Sedegis dasadgomad aucilebelia yvelam is valdebuleba sworad SevasruloT da is pasuxismgebloba vigrZnoT, rac gvakisria. Cven mudmivi mgrZnobeloba unda gagvaCndes WeSmaritebis mimarT da aseve mudmivad mzadyofnaa saWiro misTvis sabrZolvelad.

„movida WeSmariteba, moiSTo sicrue. ueWvelad, sicrue ganwirulia mosaSTobad.“ (isra 17/81)

sityva WeSmariteba, upirveles yovlisa, RmerTisa da misi sityvis Sesaxeb gamoiyeneba. RmerTi absoluturi WeSmaritebaa da misi uaryofa dauSvebelia. (ix. haj. 22/62)

RvTis gzavnilic ueWveli WeSmaritebaa. Suamavali brZanebs: „RmerTo, Sen xar WeSmariteba. Seni aRqma WeSmaritebaa. Seni sityvac WeSmaritebaa. WeSmaritebaa is, rom Sendami moviqceviT. samoTxec, jojoxeTic da warRvnac WeSmaritebaa“. (ix. muslim, salaTul musafirin, 26)

„da Cven ganvawesebT samarTlis sasworebs
aRdgomis dRes, maSin aravin ar daiCagreba. da
mdogvis marcvlis odenac rom iyos, mas movitanT. da sakmarisi varT Cven angariSmsworeblebad!“ (enbia 21/47)

yoveli ufleba
aucileblad
daculi unda iyos.
am TvalsazrisiT
ufleba is
pasuxismgeblobaa,
romelic
WeSmaritebas
srulyofils
xdis.

absoluturi WeSmaritebis damdgeni da Tavad gansaxiereba samyaros gamCenia. man yovel adamians uboZa uflebebi, rogorc wyaloba da rogorc saCuqari. is aris WeSmaritebisa da uflebis wyaro, rac TavisTavad gamomdinareobs im faqtidan, rom is RmerTia. man gaaCina yoveli suldgmuli da manve Seqmna garemo, sadac maTi sicocxlisa da arsebobisTvis xelsayreli pirobebia. aRniSnuli garemo mxolod fizikuri maxasiaTeblebiT ki ar aris xelsayreli, aramed mTeli socialuri da samarTlebrivi garemoc Sesabamisia.

RvTiuri kanonebi swored is ucvleli gzaa, romelic adamianis sicocxlisaTvis aucilebel garemos qmnis. RmerTma gviwyaloba sicocxle da am sicocxlis gagrZelebisTvis Segviqna garemo, rac warmodgenilia bunebis, haeris, wylis, sakvebis, gonebis, unarebisa da sxva mravali fizikuri Tu aramaterialuri faqtorebis saxiT. rac Seexeba RvTiur kanonebs, isini adamianis socialur da samarTlebriv garemos awesrigeben, raTa adamianma mSvidad da bednierad icxovros. mokled, RmerTma Cveni arsebobisaTvis fizikurad da sulierad xelsayreli garemo Segviqmna da am garemos dacva Cvenve dagvavala.

adamians ara sakuTari mcdelobiTa da damsaxurebiT, aramed RvTiuri wyalobis Sedegad eniWeba yoveli ufleba da es adamianis Tavisuflebas ar akninebs. adamians Tavisuflebasac da yvela Rirebulebas Tavad RmerTi aniWebs. adamianis uflebebi warmoiqmneba im faqtis Sedegad, rom is adamiania. adamians aseve uflebebi eniWeba im sazogadoebrivi wes-wyobilebis mixedviT, romelSic is cxovrobs. adamianic da sazogadoebac RmerTma gaaCina, Sesabamisad adamianis yoveli ufleba RmerTs ukavSirdeba.

samarTlis sferos Tu davakvirdebiT mTeli iurisprudenciis sistemaTa safuZvelSi ZiriTad adgils uflebebi ikavebs. es sistemebi aramarto adamianTa, aramed saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebsac aregulirebs. Sesabamisad, nebismier adgilas, sadac aris adamiani da mas sxva arsebebTan urTierToba uwevs, aris garkveuli samarTalic da uflebebis warmoqmnis sakiTxic.

samarTals Tavisi maregulirebeli da SemzRudavi mxareebi gaaCnia, rac individis Tavisuflebis ZiriTad principebs gansazRvravs. es aseve badebs adamianis movaleobebsac. Sesabamisad, Cveni uflebebi im arealSi vrceldeba, sadac kanoni, sazogadoeba da morali gvaZlevs amis saSualebas.

„gamCeno, WeSmariteba WeSmaritebad gvacodine da gviboZe wyaloba mas davmorCildeT; mcdari ki mcdarad gvacodine da mogvmadle wyaloba
misgan Sors dgoma SevZloT“.

uflebis roli Tanamedrove problemebSi

adamianis uflebebis darRveva is sakiTxia, romelic kacobriobis istoriis manZilze mudmivad aqtualuri iyo da dResac inarCunebs aqtualurobas. Cveni qveyanac am saerTaSoriso da Zireuli uflebaTa darRvevis hegemoniisgan sakuTar wils iRebs. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg msoflios xelaxali gadanawilebis Sedegad gaCnda axali gamowvevebi, romlebic adamianis uflebaTa darRvevisTvis xelsayrel garemos qmnida. gaCnda damokidebuleba, romelic eris arsebobis pirobad socialuri da kulturuli mravalferovnebis mospobas miiCnevda. aseT pirobebSi gansxvavebuli enis, kulturis, eTnikuri kuTvnilebisa da religiis adamianebis Tanacxovrebas veRar axerxebdnen.

aRniSnuli damokidebuleba istriul da sazogadoebriv monapovars safuZvlianad aryevda da am procesSi qveynis yvela kuTxesa da axlo geografiul arealSi adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis iseTi tendencia Seqmna, romelmac didi kvali datova. ugulebelyofili iqna iseTi mniSvnelovani adamianuri faqtorebi, rogoricaa Semwynarebloba, sindisi, Zmoba da a.S. ramac, saboloo jamSi, adamianebs didi tkivili miayena.

am SemTxvevaSi Cveni mizania warsulis negatiuri movlenebidan saTanado gakveTilis aReba da ara am movlenebis warmomqmneli mizezebis Zieba. dReisaTvis saWiroa erisa da saxelmwifoebriobis erTianobis SenarCuneba da amavdroulad kulturuli da eTnikuri mravalferovnebis dacva. aseve gamoikveTa tendencia, romlis mixedviTac samarTlisa da samarTlianobis mimarT sazogadoebrivi rwmena gaizarda.

iseTi samyaros Seqmna, sadac adamianebi yovelgvari gansxvavebis gareSe, Tanabrad samarTlian garemoSi icxovreben, mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, roca TiToeuli Cvengani am princips uaxloes garemoSi gavatarebT. xalxis ZiriTadi kulturuli da zneobrivi midrekilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seqmnili garemo da aseT garemoSi cxovreba yvelasaTvis simSvidis momtani iqneba. am mxriv mimarTuli yoveli pozitiuri nabiji farTo masebze vrceldeba. Sesabamisad, Cvens qveyanaSi Seqmnili dadebiTi tendenciis Sedegad mdgomareoba gaumjobesebulia da aRaravis epareba eWvi imaSi, rom ufro maRal safexurebs mivaRwevT.

WeSmaritebis uzenaesobis principi

islamis ideologiur sistemaSi RirebulebaTa klasifikaciis dros yvelaze maRal adgils WeSmariteba ikavebs. WeSmaritebis wyaro da upirobo damdgeni RmerTia, amitom is yvelaze maRla dgas.

islami bolo da ukanaskneli WeSmariti sarwmunoebaa. WeSmaritebis uzenaesoba yuranSi Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli: „igia, romelmac warmogzavna Tavisi Suamavali WeSmariti gziTa da WeSmariti sarwmunoebiT, raTa aRmatebul hqmnas igi yvela rwmenaze , Tundac es ar moswondeT warmarTebs“. (saf 9)

„da rom yofiliyo WeSmariteba damokidebuli maT survilze, maSin uTuod Camoiqceodnen cani da qveyana da yovelive, rac maTzea. Cven ki vuboZeT maT Sexseneba , TumcaRa egeni Sexsenebisgan zurgs iqceven!“ (muminun 71)

Suamavali brZanebs:
„vinc Zmas
usamarTlod moeqca, patieba
sTxovos“.
(riqaq 48)

adamianis bedniereba sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, simSvidisa da bednierebis mimarT pativiscemis xarisxzea damokidebuli. amasTanave adamianma unda icodes, rom WeSmariteba uzenaesia, vidre Zala da mmarTveloba.

WeSmaritebis uzenaesobis dadastureba iyo, rodesac meqelma warmarTebma Suamavals warmoudgenlad mimzidveli garigeba SesTavazes, raTa ukan daexia da islamis gavrceleba Seewyvita, magram Suamavalma kategoriuli uari ganucxada. marjvena xelSi rom mze momcen, xolo marcxenaSi -mTvare, WeSmariti sarwmunoebis gavrcelebas Tavs ar davanebebo, uTxra maT.

Cveni kavSiri RmerTTan, sxva arsebebTan urTierTobiTac Cans. yoveli adamiani, romelsac swams RmerTi da mis mier dadgenil wesebs icavs, aseve daicavs yvela cocxali arsebis uflebebsac.

uflebasa da pasuxismgeblobas

Soris kavSiri

yoveli ufleba elodeba aRiarebas da dacvas. gamomdinare aqedan ufleba badebs pasuxismgeblobas. visac gaaCnia raime ufleba, mas Sesabamisi pasuximgeblobac gaaCnia. magaliTad rodesac sakuTrebis ufleba gvaqvs, es warmoSobs valdebulebas Cvenc gavufrTxildeT sxvaTa sakuTrebas. amrigad, sadac aris ufleba, iq aucileblad aris movaleobebi da pasuxismgebloba.

sinamdvileSi pasuximgebloba sxvaTa uflebebis mimarT gulisxmiereba da maTi dacvaa. Sesabamisad SegviZlia vTaqvaT, rom ufleba sazogadoebrivi movlenaa. sxvebTan erTad, erT garemoSi cxovrobde da ar gqondes ufleba an pasuxismgebloba, ubralod SeuZlebelia. yvelas Cveni uflebebis proporciulad gvekisreba pasuxismgeblobac da ase mimdinareobs yoveldRiuri cxovreba.

sazogadoebrivi simSvide, wesrigi da stabiluroba mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli Tu individebi TavianT uflebebsa da pasuxismgeblobas acnobiereben. Cveni sarwmunoeba uflebebze saubrisas movaleobebsac did mniSvnelobas aniWebs.

pasuximgeblobaze pasuximgeblobiT mokideba sxva adamianebisTvisac samagaliTod iqceva xolme. amrigad sxvaTa uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevebi Semcirdeba da miuRebeli gaxdeba. Cvens sarwmunoebaSi sakuTari uflebis dacvaze adre, anu uflebis miRebaze uwinares, misi gacemis valdebulebaa mowodebuli. rodesac yvela aseT damokidebulebaSi iqneba, iq uflebebi aRar dairRveva.

adamianis uflebebisgan gamomdinare qmedebebi or ZiriTad nawilad SeiZleba gaiyos. esenia: sulieri da materialuri. „materialuri uflebebi“ adamianis sicocxlis uflebidan dawyebuli yvela is uflebaa, rac adamians cxovrebis warmarTvisaTvis sWirdeba. rac Seexeba „sulier uflebebs“, isini adamianis saiqio yofasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

uflebebis klasifikacia

uflebebis klasifikacia sxva da sxva saxiT SeiZleba. amaTgan erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia RvTiuri da adamianuri uflebebi.

RmerTma Cven arafrisagan gagvaCina, gviboZa saarsebo garemo, gvicavs, mogvitevebs da ase Semdeg. Sesabamisad mas gaaCnia uzenaesi ufleba. Cven yvelani valdebulni varT mis winaSe da yvela es valdebuleba, romelsac vasrulebT misi uflebaa.

rac Seexeba adamianis uflebebs, isini yvela im uflebas moicaven, rac adamianebs Soris urTierTobisas warmoiSoba. islamur wyaroebSi isini warmodgenilia, rogorc „msaxuris uflebebi“. aRniSnuli uflebebi dadgenilia RvTiuri kanonebis mixedviT, romlebic adamianisTvis sacxovreblad normaluri garemos Seqmnas uzrunvelyofen. magaliTad sicocxlis ufleba, aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba, adamianis gonebis, qonebisa da sakuTrebis dacvis ufleba am ZiriTad uflebebSi Sedis.

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi xSirad vxvdebiT usamarTlobasa da admianis uflebebis uxeSad darRvevis faqtebs. amis sawinaaRmdegod islamis arsi gulisxmobs, rom yoveli adamianis sicocxle da Rirseba yovelgvari safrTxisgan daculi unda iyos. aseve daculia adamianis sxva mniSnelovani uflebebi, rogoricaa azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, sakuTrebis ufleba da aRmsarebloba.

aqve minda kidev erTxel ganvmarto, rom adamianis yvela ufleba RvTis mier dadgenil normebSi ganixileba. RvTis morwmune adamiani, romelic religiur normebs icavs da religiiT dadgenil CarCoebSi moqmedebs, aseve icavs sxvaTa uflebebsac.

sazogadoebis Semadgeneli
yvela erTeuli nivTierebis
atomuri agebulebis
msgavsad erTi mTlianobaa.
Tu romelime erTeulis
mimarT usamarTloba
ganxorcielda,
es movlena mxolod
im lokaciaze ar darCeba
da mokle xanSi mTel
sazogadoebas moedeba.

adamianis uflebaTa mravalferovneba

adamianis uflebebi is uflebebia, romlebic sazogadoebaSi pirovnebis cxovrebas da sxvebTan urTierTbebs aregulirebs. meorenairad maT „socialuri cxovrebis ZiriTadi safuZvlebi“ ewodeba. am uflebebis yvelaze farTo areals „TanamorwmuneTa Zmoba“ warmoadgens. Zmobis am kavSirs adamianTa erTi rwmena udevs safuZvlad. Suamavali brZanebs: „muslimi muslimis Zmaa. is ar daCagravs da marto ar miatovebs. vinc muslim Zmas daexmareba, RmerTi mis saWiroebas gaiTvaliswinebs da masac daexmareba. vinc muslimi Zmis gaWirvebas gaiTvaliswinebs, gankiTxvis dRes RmerT mis gaWirvebas gaiTvaliswinebs. vinc morwmune Zmis naklovanebas dafaravs, gankiTxvis dRes RmerTi mis naklovanebas dafaravs“. (muslim, bir ve sila, 58)

aseve mniSvnelovani sferoa samezoblo uflebebi da movaleobebi. mezobloba socialuri cxovrebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi movlenaa.

„kaci arad Caagdo da gvian midi-meTqi ver getyvi, viwvaleb, gavwvaldebi da simarTles vazeimeb“

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis pirveli rgoli ojaxia. ojaxebi, rogorc wesi, mezoblad cxovroben. islamSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba mezoblobas da mezoblebs Soris urTierTobebs da am mimarTulebiT islamiseuli midgomebi urTierTgagebaze, daxmarebasa da Semwynareblobazea damyarebuli. Suamavali brZanebs: „(angelozma) jebrailma mezoblis Sesaxeb imdeni rCeva momca, megona mezobels mezoblis memkvidred daadgenda“ (Tirmizi, bir 28)

Suamavali aseve brZanebs: „visac swams RmerTis da gankiTxvis dRisa, mezoblebi ar Seawuxos“. (buhari, riqaq 23)

mezoblebis mimarT keTilganwyobis aucileblobaze saubaria agreTve yuranSic (ix. nisa 4/36). mezobloblur urTierTobebSi ki ZiriTadi sazomi adamianoba da urTierTpatiiscema unda iyos. mezoblebs Soris religiuri an eTnikuri kuTvnileba urTierTobis xarisxze uaryofiTad ar unda aisaxos. Suamavali aramuslim mezoblebTan urTierTobas gansakuTrebuli sifaqiziT ekideboda, rac gasaTvaliswinebeli magaliTia.

Tanamedrove adamians gansakuTrebiT

sWirdeba islamis mier dadgenili

samarTlianobis principi, raTa

dedamiwaze bednierebisa da

stabilurobis garemo Seqmnas.

islamis mixedviT gnsakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba mSoblebTan urTierTobas. ojaxi,, romelic sazogadoebis mTavari erTeulia mSoblebis irgvliv formirdeba. rodesac mSoblebi moxucdebian da movla daWirdebaT, memkvidreebma es sapatio movaleoba ara tvirTad, aramed wyalobad unda miiCnion da mSoblebs saTanado yuradReba miaqcion. yuranSi nabrZanebia:

„da dagidgina Senma RmerTma, rom ar eTayvanoT aravis, garda misi da keTilad moeqceT mSoblebs. Tu mSobelTagan erT-erTi an orive miaRwevs siberemde, ar uTxra: „uh!“ da ar gauwyre maT da lamazi sityva uTxari!

da isini mfarvelobis qveS aiyvane lmobierebiTa da TavmdablobiT da Tqvi: RmerTo Cemo! pataraobisas rogorc gamzardes, ise Seiwyale eseni!“ (isra 23-24)

islamis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani zneobrivi regulacia naTesavebs Soris ufleba-movaleobebia. naTesavebs Soris urTierToba, am kavSirebze gafrTxileba da maTi SenarCuneba Zalian mniSvnelovania. hadisis mixedviT Suamavali ambobs: visac surs hqondes uxvi sarCo da aRsasruli daugviandes, natesavebTan urTierToba SeinarCunos“. (buhari, edeb 12)

Wirsa da lxinSi erTad dgoma, Tanadgoma, monaxuleba da urTierTpativiscema naTesavebis movaleobaa.

adamianTa uflebebis dacva mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli Tu saamisod xelsayreli garemoa Seqmnili. adamianuri cxovrebisaTvis xelsayreli garemos Seqmnaze zrunva ki yvelas valia. amgvari garemos Seqmnis procesSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mmarTveli gundisa da rigiTi adamianebis urTierTobis swori regulireba. sworad regulirebis SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebaSi simSvide da keTildReoba daisadgurebs.

Suamavali brZanebs: „yvelaze didi jihadi usamarTlo mmarTvelis winaSe simarTlis Tqmaa“. (ibn maje, fiTen 20)

Suamavali morwmuneebs mouwodebda, rom namazisa da marxvis msgavsi RvTismsaxurebis Sesrulebis miuxedavad adamiani codvilia Tu is sxvaTa uflebebs arRvevs. aseTi adamianebi yoveli darRveuli uflebisaTvis saiqioSi ganikiTxebian da TavianTi gakeTebuli madlidan Cagrulebze gacema mouwevT, an maT codvas itvirTaven, rac saboloo jamSi codvilebad aqcevT da sasjelad jojoxeTi ergebaT. (ix. muslim, bir 59). sxvaTa uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi Secdomis gaaazreba da patiebis Txovna mniSvnelovani momentia, rac Cvens sarwmunoebaSi Cadenili codvisgan Tavis daRwevis da saiqio sasjelis aridebis erT-erTi gzaa. „vinc Zmes usamarTlod moeqceva patibea sTxovos“- brZanebs Suamavali. (buhari, riqaq 48). islami samarTlianobis damkvidrebisaTvis saWiro garemos Seqmnis procesSi mxolod adamianis faqtors ar gulisxmobs. is adamianebs avaldebulebas aramxolod adamianebisadmi samarTlianad moqcevas, aramed yvela da yvelafris mimarT. adamiani unda gaufrTxildes sxva adamianebs, cxovelebs, mcenareebs, garemos, haers, wyals da ase Semdeg.

samarTlianoba
dedamiwaze
RvTiuri sasworia.
samarTlianobis
pirobebSi adamianebi
yvelaze mokle da
ioli gziT hpoveben
samarTals.

ra aris samarTlianoba?

samarTlianobis mniSvneloba simarTlisgan modis. rogorc iuridiuli termini ki es aris adamianis uflebebis Sesabamisi ganxorcieleba. garda amisa samarTlianoba moicavs farTo mniSvnelobis sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas, sadac adamianebi kargad da daculad grZnoben Tavs. adamianebs Soris urTierTpativiscema, siyvaruli da simSvidea dasadgurebuli. samarTlian garemoSi ufrosebs pativs scemen, umcrosebs siyvaruliT epyrobian da a.S.

sinamdvileSi samarTlianoba iseTi sakiTxia, romlis Sesaxebac mTeli istoriis manZilze mudmivi kamaTi da ganxilva mimdinareobs.

miiCneva, rom adamianis uflebis dacva da zogadad samarTlianobis uzrunveloyofa, zogadad, mTavrobisa da sasamrTlos prerogativaa. samarTlianobis xsenebisas maSinve mmarTveli organoebi da sasamarTlo gvaxsendeba, arada samarTlinobas aqvs ufro farTo ganzomileba, romelSic individebis kerZo urTierTbebs didi mniSvneloba eniWebaT.

„ueWvelad, allahi brZanebs samarTlianobas, sikeTis keTebas da naTesavebze daxmarebas. da krZalavs siZvas, gasakicx qmedebebs da usamarTlobas. igi SegagonebT Tqven, egebis gulisxmahyoT!“ (nahl 16/90)

islamis mixedviT saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sferoSi ZiriTad Sexedulebas „samarTliani an mCagvreli mmarTvelis“ arsebobis principi warmoadgens. maT Soris samarTliani mmarTvelebi Seqebulni arian da maT orive qveynad jildo elodebaT, xolo usamarTloni gankicxulni arian da orive qveynad sasjels imsaxureben. rogorc Suamavali brZanebda, Tu saxelmwifos mmarTveli RvTis winaSe pasuximgeblobas grZnobs da samarTlianad mmarTvelobs, Tavisi namoqmedariT madls moigebs, magram Tu is usamarTlo da mCagvrelia, misi codva da sasjeli dRiTidRe moimatebs. (ix. buhari, jihad 110)

samarTlianobis xsenebisas,

upirveles yovlisa, mmarTveli organoebi gvaxsendeba, Tumca

samarTlianoba Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, individualur rTierTobaSi Zalian xelSesaxebi da mniSvnelovania.

mCagvreloba usamarTlobis pirdapiri gamovlinebaa. nebismier adgilas gamovlenili erTi usamarTloba, yvela sxva adgilas arsebuli samarTlianobisTvis safrTxes warmoadgens. Sesabamisad usamarTlobis erTi SemTxvevis mimarTac mimRebloba dauSvebelia. islami samarTlianobisken mogviwodebs da imavdroulad gvafrTxilebs moveridoT usamarTlobas. rodesac Suamavalma muaz bin jebeli iemenSi mmarTvelad miavlina Semdegi sityvebiT damoZRvra: „eride Cagrulis wyevlas, radgan massa da RmerTs Soris farda ar aris“. (buhari, zeqaT 62)

absoluturi samarTlianoba mxolod RvTiuri samarTlianobaa. vercerTi mCagvreli ver daaRwevs Tavs RvTiur samarTals. yvelas Tavisi namoqmedaris mixedviT moekiTxeba. RmerTi adamianebs Secdomis gamosworebis dros aZlevs, magram usamarTlobis mimarT ugulisyuro ar iqneba.

amasTanave, yoveli samarTliani adamiani, Tavisi samarTliani qmedebebis wyalobiT, saiqioSi Sesabamis jildos aucileblad miiRebs. RmerTs es pirdapir aqvs gacxadebuli:

„da Cven ganvawesebT samarTlis sasworebs aRdgomis dRes, maSin aravin ar daiCagreba. da mdogvis marcvlis odenac rom iyos, mas movitanT. da sakmarisi varT Cven angariSmsworeblebad !“ (enbia 21/47)

simSvide,
usafrTxoeba,
mSvidoba da
bedniereba
samarTlianobiT
ikvebeba

samarTlianoba RmerTis sasworia dedamiwaze. sustebi swored samarTlianobis wyalobiT icaven TavianT uflebebs. mCagvreli unda SeCerdes da Cagruls Tavisi uflebebi unda aRudges. samarTlianoba is Rirebulebaa, romelic islamis rwmenis sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebam warmoqmna. islamur sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebi yvela adamianis uflebaa am samarTlianobiT isargeblos.

samarTlianobis principis ganxorcielebis procesSi amomaval wertils individi warmoadgens. pirovneba, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari Tavis winaSe unda iyos samarTliani. Tu adamiani sakuTari Tavis mimarT samarTliani ar aris, is sxvaTa mimarT samarTliani ver iqneba. abdullah bin amr bin asi dRisiT sistematiurad marxulobda, xolo Rames locvaSi atarebda. amis gamo Suamavalma is gaafrTxila, rom sakuTari sxeulisa da ojaxis winaSe valdebulebebebi gaaCnda. (ix. buhari, savm, 57)

islamis mixedviT samarTlianobis safuZvels adamiani da misi fasi gansazRvravs. adamianis pirad cxovrebas, socialur da politikur garemos, sworedac samarTlianobis moTxovnileba aregulirebs. yuranis mixedviT yvela zeciuri sarwmunoebis mizani adamianTa Soris samarTlianobis damkvidrebaa, amitom zomiereba da Tanasworobis principi adamianebs Soris urTierTobis amomaval wertiladaa miCneuli.

„vficav, warmovgzavneT Cveni Suamavalni cxadi mtkicebebiT da zemovavlineT maTTan erTad wigni da saswori , raTa gansajos xalxma samarTliT. aseve zegardmovavlineT rkina, romelSic myari siZliere da sargebelia xalxisTvis. da rom gamoscados allahma, vin emsaxureba mis sarwmunoebas, mis SuamavalT da vin irwmuna uxilavis. ueWvelad, allahi yovlisSemZlea, Zlevamosialia!“ (hadid 57/25)

„da amgvarad dagadgineT Tqven Sua (samagaliTo) Temad, raTa mowmeni iyoT adamianTa mimarT da Suamavali mowme iyos Tqvens mimarT. da davadgineT yible, romliskenac ideqi mxolod imitom, rom gamogvecno (gamogvemJRavnebina) vin mihyveba Suamavals da vin gabrundeboda ukan quslebze Semdgari. sworedac mZime iyo es, magram ara imaTTvis, romelnic swor gzas daayena allahma. allahi ar dagikargavT Tqvensave rwmenas. ueWvelad, allahi lmobieri da mwyalobelia xalxis mimarT“. (bayara 2/143)

samyaros uzado wonasworoba da harmonia gaaCnia. Tu adamiani samarTliani iqneba, es niSnavs, rom is samyaros am sworupovar wonasworobas misdevs da icavs. sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi gavrcelebuli samarTlianoba sazogadoebis suls amSvidebs da individebis qcevebSi dadebiTad aisaxeba. saboloo jamSi samarTlianoba sazogadoebriv wesrigsa da keTildReobaze yovelmxriv dadebiTad aisaxeba.

Tanamedrove adamiani gansakuTrebiT saWiroebs samarTlianobas, raTa dedamiwaze simSvidem da bednierebam daisadguros. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi samarTlianobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba, piradi urTierTobebiT dawyebuli saerTaSoriso urTierTbebiT damTavrebuli. sxva gamosavali, ubralod, ar arsebobs.

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi samarTlianobas Tanasworobis konteqstSi moixsenieben, magram samarTlianoba gacilebiT didi arealis mqone movlenaa, romelic TavisTavSi Tanasworobasac moicavs. samarTlianoba ara Tanasworobas, aramed uzenaes samarTals unda eyrdnobodes. samarTlianobis pirobebSi yvelas Tavisi unda miezRos. kargs vinc imsaxurebs Sesabamisad unda miiRos, xolo cudis Rirsi vincaa cuds unda dasjerdes. Tanasworoba samarTlianobis Semadgenelia, magram es ise ar unda gavigoT, rom nebismieri, dadebiTi an uaryofiTi situacia yvelasaTvis Tanabrad SemxeblobaSi movides.

politikuri avtoriteti da samarTlianoba

„vficav, warmovgzavneT Cveni Suamavalni cxadi mtkicebebiT da zemovavlineT maTTan erTad wigni da saswori , raTa gansajos xalxma samarTliT. aseve zegardmovavlineT rkina, romelSic myari siZliere da sargebelia xalxisTvis. da rom gamoscados allahma, vin emsaxureba mis sarwmunoebas, mis SuamavalT da vin irwmuna uxilavis. ueWvelad, allahi yovlisSemZlea, Zlevamosialia!“ (hadid 57/25)

mocemul aiaTSi RmerTi sami rames axsenebs, esenia: wigni, saswori da rkina. amaTgan wigni RvTis sityvaa, xolo saswori RvTiuri samarTlinoba. sazogadoebrivi simSvidisa da bednierebisaTvis es ori fundamenturi principi aucilebelia; RvTis sityva da samarTlianoba. maTi uzrunvelyofisaTvis ki saWiroa damatebiTi saSualeba, romelic simbolurad rkinis saxelwodebiTaa moxseniebuli. es aris mmarTveloba, avtoriteti, Zala. Tu es yvelaferi RvTis sityvisa da samarTlianobis mixedviT muSaobs, maSin Sedegi saxarbielo iqneba.

hadisis mixedviT Suamavali Svidi kategoriis adamians warmogvidgens, romlebic gankiTxvis dRes RmerTis mfarvelobiT isargebleben da am siis TavSi samarTliani mmarTvelebi arian. (ix. buhari, ezan 36)

Suamavali ambobda, rom is adamianebi, romlebic xelqveiTebs, ojaxis wevrebsa da sxvebs, viszec pasuxismgebloba akisria, samarTlianad moeqceva, RvTis winaSe mravali wyalobis Rirsi gaxdeba. (ix. nesai adabul qudaT 1)

adamianis uflebebis dacva da usamarTlobis aRmofxvra maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac sazogadoeba swori formiT imarTeba. am procesSi warmatebisaTvis mmarTveli da marTuli mxareebi srul samarTlian garemoSi unda imyofebodnen. aucileblad daculi unda iyos orive mxaris fundamenturi uflebebi. mmarTvelobis gamWvirvaloba da marTuli mxaris mier kanonis pativiscema sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania. xalifa abu baqari xalifad arCevis pirvelive dRes xalxs Semdegnairad mimarTavs:

„xalxo, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tvens Soris saukeTeso ar var, Tvens mmarTvelad Seviqmeni. Tu Cems movaleobas sworad aRvasruleb, Tqvenc damexmareT, xolo Tu cudad warvmarTe swori gzisken momiwodeT. simarTle ndobis wyaroa, tyuili ki- Ralati. Tvens Soris sustebi vinc arian, sanam TavianT uflebebs ar aRidgenen, RvTis nebiT, Cems winaSe Zlierebi iqnebian. Tqvens Soris Zlierebi, RvTis nebiT, Cems winaSe sustebi iqnebian, sanam sustebs TavianT uflebebs ar daubruneben. Tu sazogadoebaSi uzneoba gavrcelda, RmerTi aseT xalxs sasjels mouvlens. sanam RvTisa da Suamavlis morCili viqnebi Tqvenc me damemorCileT. rogorc ki RvTisa da Suamavlis winaaRmdeg waval, Tqven valdebulni aRar xarT damemorCiloT“. ix. (suiuTi, Tarihul hulefa, gv. 153)

amrigad, mmarTvelis mier samarTlianobis aRsrulebis surviliT samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa SesaZlebelia. rodesac adamianebi igrZnoben, rom qveynis mmarTveloba samarTliania, es dadebiTad aisaxeba rogorc samarTlebriv, ise ekonomikur sferoebze.

a. samarTlianoba samarTlSi

samarTlianoba, rogorc movlena, yvelaze xSirad xorcieldeba iseTi institutebisa da Tanmxlebi elementebis TanxlebiT,rogoricaa sasamarTlo, mosamarTle, advokati, mowme da a.S. yuranSi samarTlianobis principis dacvis TvalsazrisiT yvela am elementis Sesaxeb regulaciebi naTladaa gawerili. upirveles yovlisa, am procesSi ZiriTadi mamotivirebeli mizani, RvTis gulisaTvis, simarTlis zeoba unda iyos. TiToeuli monawilis gzamkvlevi ki RvTismosavobis xarisxia. samarTlianobis aRsrulebisas piradi damokidebuleba, romelime mxaris mimarT simpaTia an antipaTia, mtroba, gvariSviloba, simdidre, siRaribe, gavleniaoba, morwmunoeba, urwmunoeba da sxva msgavsi faqtorebi tendenciuri midgomis safuZveli ar unda gaxdes. miuxedavad aseTi gare faqtorebisa dedamiwaze mcxovrebi yvela adamiani uflebamosilia samarTlianobiT isargeblos.

yuranSi nabrZanebia:

„ueWvelad, allahi gibrZanebT, rom anabari ukan daubrunoT Tavis patronebs da roca gansjiT adamianTa Soris, samarTlianad gansajoT. ueWvelad, ra mSvenieria allahis Segoneba! ueWvelad, allahi yovlismsmenia, yovlismxedvelia!“ (nisa 4/58)

sasamarTloSi mxareebi Tanabar poziciaSi unda iyvnen. amasTanave mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebaze ar unda moqmedebdes aranairi piradi problemebi, Tundac SimSili, gabrazeba, uZiloba da sxva msgavsi faqtorebi, romlebic sasamarTlos obieqturobas da avtoritets daazianebs. garda amisa, aucilebelia orive mxareze mosmena da saqmis safuZvlianad gamoZieba. arsebobs aseTi rCeva: „Tu SenTan TvalamoTxrili adamiani mova da saCivars Semoitans, gadawyvetilebas maSinve nu miiReb da meore mxares sasjels nu daakisreb, daelode, iqneb mis mowinaaRmdeges orive Tvali amoTxrili aqvs“. es aris magaliTi imisaTvis, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania orive mxareze mosmena. es aramarto mosamarTlis SemTxvevaSi, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi dasanergi rCevaa.

samarTlianobis aRsrulebisa da samarTliani ganCinebisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania mowmis patiosneba da miukerZoebloba. mowmeoba, garda moqalaqeobrivisa, religiuri valdebulebacaa. iseTi informaciis damalva, romelic saqmeze WeSmaritebas daadgens, codvaa. gulwrfeli mowmeoba simarTlis dadgenas uzrunvelyofs da Sesabamisad usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gaazrebul qmedebas warmoadgens. sazogadoebrivi gulgriloba da Tavis arideba samarTlianobis aRsrulebas arTulebs.

morwmune adamiani mxolod simarTles ityvis da sasamarTloSic mxolod simarTles daadasturebs. dauSvebelia ciliswameba da crumowmeoba. samarTlianobis aRdgenis procesSi aseve miuRebelia iseTi faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba, rogoricaa naTesavoba, megobroba, fuli, gavlena da sxva. mowmem aucileblad simarTle unda ilaparakos. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mowmes RvTiuri sasjeli elodeba da amqveynad daSvebuli Secdomis gamo daazianebs rogorc udanaSaulo adamianebs, ise sakuTari Tavis winaSec did usamarTlobas Caidens.

yuranSi nabrZanebia: „hei Tqven, romelTac irwmuneT! iyaviT allahis winaSe mowmeni, samarTlis aRmdgeni. da es romc iyos Tqvens winaaRmdeg , an Tqveni mSoblebisa da naTesavebis, mdidari iqneba is Tu Raribi, radganac allahi ufro axlosaa orivesTan , maS, nu gayvebiT gulisnadebs , rom ar gadauqcioT WeSmaritebas, da Tu gaamrudebT an gaeqceviT , ueWvelad, allahi uwyis, rasac akeTebT!“ (nisa 4/135)

mowmeobis dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces iseT davebs, roca sakiTxi adamianebis namussa da Rirsebas exeba. Cvens sarwmunoebaSi mruSobis dasamtkiceblad oTxi mowmis arsebobaa miRebuli. es aris sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da pirovnebis uflebebis dacvisTvis ukiduresad mniSvnelovani. aseT SemTxvevaSi ukiduresad rTuldeba ciliswameba iseT mZime danaZaulze, rogoric mruSobaa da Sesabamisad usamarTlo sasjelis albaTobac minimumamdea dayvanili. (ix. nisa 4/15 da nur 24/4)

eris CamoSlisa da ganadgurebis erT-erTi mizezi SerCeviTi samarTalia. rodesac qveyanaSi gvariSvilobis, Tanamdebobis, simdidrisa da sxva msgavsi privilegiebis gamo Cadenili danaSaulis patieba xdeba da imave tipis danaSaulze rigiT adamianebs sjian, es masobrivi usamarTlobaa da sazogadoebriv wesrigs arRvevs. aseT dros sazogadoebriv fenebs Soris Suri da siZulvili ikidebs fexs, rac areulobaSi gadaizrdeba. Suamavali brZanebs: „Tqvenze adrindeli erebis ganadgurebis mizezi Semdegia: rodesac maT Soris vinme warCinebuli qurdobas caidenda xelSeuxebeli iyo, magram susti vinme Tu Caidenda igives, mas aucileblad dasjidnen. vficav allahs, rom muhammedis qaliSvilma fatmamac rom qurdoba Caidinos, me mas davsji“ (buhari, enbia 52)

islami aramuslim moqalaqeebs srul uflebas aZlevs sakuTari aRmsareblobis mixedviT icxovron. sxvadasxva mrevls Soris arsebul davebs ki saerTaSoriso samarTali aregulirebs. islami icavs saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri Tu religiuri jgufebis mravalferovnebasa da kulturas.

b. ekonomikuri samarTlianoba

ekonomikuri samarTlianoba Semosavlebis Tanasworad da damsaxurebibs mixedviT gadanawilebas gulisxmobs. am gziT sazogadoebis gansxvavebul fenebSi ekonomiuri mdgomarebiT warmoqmnili ufskrulebi iklebs da Semosavlebis wonasworobaS moyvana xerxdeba. islami krZalavs iseT ukanono Semosavlebs, rogoricaa procenti da am gziT mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris usamarTlo da saxifaTo gansxvavebulobas aregulirebs. mizanic es aris; mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris Semosavlebis mxriv ufskrulebis amovseba. am procesSi gasaTvaliswinebelia warmoebis, samuSao Zalisa da gadasaxadebis sworad marTva. Suamavalma abdullah bin revaha ebraelebiT dasaxlebul teritoriaze gadasaxadebis amkrefad miavlina. ebraelebs SeeSindaT, rom abdullahi maT usamarTlod moeqceoda, magram abdullahma maT uTxra: „vficav RmerTs, rom mis mier gaCenilTa Soris yvelaze metad Tqvenze var gabrazebuli, magram es mdgomareoba ar wamaqezebs saimisod, rom usamarTlod mogeqceT“. (ebu davud, musaqaT 35)

rodesac ekonomikuri aqtivebi erTeulebis xelSi akumulirdeba da samuSao Zalis eqsploatacia xdeba, es mdgomareoba masiuri Cagvris saSualebebs warmoSobs da sazogadoebaSi usamarTlobis gancda Cndeba. privilegirebuli fena zedmet fufunebisken daiwyebs ltolvas da iwyeba sazogadoebrivi gaxrwniloba. saboloo jamSi ki es uTanasworoba sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevasa da masobriv areulobas gamoiwvevs. (ix. isra 17/16)

politikuri liderebisgan mosalodneli samarTlianoba sazogadoebrivi damokidebulebis anareklia. qveynis mmarTvelebi sazogadoebriv azrs iTvaliswineben da samarTlianobis Sesabamisi standartis SeTavazebas cdiloben. rac Seexeba adamianuri da zneobrivi faqtorebis gavleniT mosalodnel samarTlianobas, aq individualuri damokidebuleba Warbobs. es aris yoveli adamianis ojaxuri urTierTobebi, megobroba, mezobloba, vaWroba, momsaxurebis sfero da sxva. saboloo jamSi samarTlianobis miRwevisTvis rogorc mmarTveli ise marTuli fena Tavis gasakeTebels akeTebs da Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs.

Tu sicocxle ar CamoiSala,

samarTlianobac ar CamoiSleba

samarTlianobis amgvari klasifikacia mis Teoriul mdgomareobas warmoadgens, romelic sakiTxis iolad axsnis mcdelobis Sedegad miviReT. Tu sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevri samarTliani ar aris da es gancda ar amoZravebs, sazogadoeba samarTliani ver iqneba. Tu qveyanaSi ar aris smarTali, samarTliani sasamarTlo, ekonomikis sferoSic usamarTloba daisadgurebs. igive exeba politikasac. sazogadoebis TiToeuli nawili erTi mTlianobaa da am nawilebs Soris mWidro urTierTkavSiria. erT romelime nawilSi arsebuli usamarTloba mxolod im konkretuli sferos sazRvrebSi ar darCeba da danarCen nawilebzec gavrceldeba.

samarTlianobaze siyvarulma an mtrobam gavlena ar unda iqonios. gvariSviloba, simdidre, siRaribe, Zliereba, sisuste, morwmuneoba, urwmunoeba da msgavsi faqtorebi tendenciurobis safuZveli ar unda gaxdes. miuxedavad damokidebulebisa yvela adamiani Tanasworia da samarTlianobiT sargeblobis ufleba yvelas gaaCnia.

Rirebulebebi maSinaa efeqturi, roca mTlianobaSi efeqturia. samarTlianobac asea. am sferoSi samarTlianoba gvaqvs, magram im sferoSi arao, usafuZvlo naTqvamia. adamiani yvela mimarTulebiT samarTlianobas iTxovs da es sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania. Sesabamisad samarTlianobis yvela sferoSi arseboba aucilebelia.